Problems caused by radiation Radiation hardening

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environments high levels of ionizing radiation create special design challenges. single charged particle can knock thousands of electrons loose, causing electronic noise , signal spikes. in case of digital circuits, can cause results inaccurate or unintelligible. particularly serious problem in design of satellites, spacecraft, military aircraft, nuclear power stations, , nuclear weapons. in order ensure proper operation of such systems, manufacturers of integrated circuits , sensors intended military or aerospace markets employ various methods of radiation hardening. resulting systems said rad(iation)-hardened, rad-hard, or (within context) hardened.







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