Models for settlements Earthquake casualty estimation

-


figure 6: photograph space showing neighborhoods of relatively homogeneous building stock can defined, , industrial buildings can distinguished residential ones. (source: wapmerr, geneva, www.wapmerr.org).



figure 7: using shadows cast buildings, 3d model of built environment of bucharest has been constructed. percentages of buildings in height classes can derived city , districts (district limits marked red lines). information helps define distribution of buildings classes of vulnerability strong shaking, if basic engineering information on construction types present available street surveys. (source: wapmerr, geneva, www.wapmerr.org).


photographs taken space or air planes useful assembling database built environment of city. on images have not been enhanced size , type of buildings, building use can identified (figure 6). neighborhoods of residential buildings of similar construction, , industrial zones can mapped.


the height of buildings can estimated shadows cast in photographs space , air. based on height, estimates 3d models of cities can constructed, shown in example of central bucharest (figure 7). governmental office buildings can seen @ center, whereas small residential buildings dominate in east.








adding photographs of facades shot street level, detailed, realistic models of cities can built (figure 8). added information, possible better classify construction type of each building , deepen detail of model of built environment necessary accurate estimates of losses due earthquakes.


however, number of settlements in world population data available exceeds 1 million. each, coordinates, name, , estimated population available, impossible analyze of them in detail shown in figures 6, 7, , 8. there no choice, place entire population @ 1 coordinate point, regardless of settlement’s size, , assign each settlement standard distribution of buildings classes of different earthquake resistance. refinement 1 can afford have different standard models different countries , @ least 3 settlement size each country.


in ideal case, 1 have detailed information on every building , occupants. however, thousands of large cities @ risk , hundreds of millions of inhabitants in them, costly. cost-effective way model large city treat each administrative district separate settlement.








Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Mobility.2C training and insignia Impi

-
zulu warrior in full regimental regalia, carrying large isihlangu war shield. c. 1860. upper body covered in cow tails, kilt of spotted cat, genet or civet skin , shins decorated cowtails. elaborate headdress consists of browband , face-framing flaps of leopard skin band of otter skin above. there multiple ostrich feather plumes , single upright crane s feather. shaka discarded sandals enable warriors run faster. move unpopular, objected killed, practice concentrated minds of remaining personnel. zulu tradition indicates shaka hardened feet of troops having them stamp thorny tree , bush branches flat. shaka drilled troops frequently, implementing forced marches covering more fifty miles day. drilled troops carry out encirclement tactics (see below). such mobility gave zulu significant impact in local region , beyond. upkeep of regimental system , training seems have continued after shaka s death, although zulu defeats boers, , growing encroachment british colonists, sharply curtailed r...
Read more

Expenses controversy Ian Gibson (politician)

-
in may 2009, gibson became embroiled in mps expenses scandal detailed daily telegraph, reported claimed flat in daughter lived rent-free before selling half market value. subsequently, barred standing in next general election disciplinary panel of labour party. believing after panel s decision position untenable , resigned mp (by traditional procedural device of becoming crown steward , bailiff of 3 chiltern hundreds of stoke, desborough , burnham), thereby forcing by-election. resultant by-election won chloe smith, conservative party candidate, majority of 7,348, reversing previous labour majority of 5,459.
Read more

11th century parish church of St Leonard Hythe, Kent

-
st. leonard s church shelf containing skulls in ambulatory below chancel, commonly inaccurately described crypt. the large 11th century church hill; tower @ eastern end destroyed earth tremor in 1739 , restored in 1750. chancel, 1220, covers processional ossuary (a bone store, more commonly found on continent) lined 2,000 skulls , 8,000 thigh bones. date medieval period, having been stored after removal, make way new graves. common in england, bones dispersed, , rare collection. several of skulls show marks of trepanning. 1 of 2 surviving ossuaries in england; other in holy trinity church in rothwell, northamptonshire. other curiosities worth looking for. on pillars on south side of nave medieval graffiti depicting ships. vestry door, on north side of nave, unlocked; open see fine norman doorway. has been suggested this, in late medieval times apparently on outer wall of church, once internal wall, earlier norman church stage higher hill. make existing chapel of st edmund (or north tra...
Read more