Estimates of shaking Earthquake casualty estimation

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the intensity of shaking diminishes away earthquake

strong ground motions damage buildings, bringing collapse. shaking of ground decreases distance release of energy, hypocenter, or, more accurately expressed, entire area of rupture. calculate intensity of shaking @ given settlement, computer looks attenuation (decrease in amplitude) seismic waves travel distance settlement in question. such calculations similar made assess seismic hazard, part of field of engineering seismology.


errors again introduced through heterogeneity of earth. loss of energy along wave path not same in parts of world. examples shown in figure 2. poorly studied regions in developing countries, uncertainty of estimated intensities can substantial, shown different curves, because attenuation poorly known.


another factor can lead variations of observed intensity of shaking condition of soil beneath particular structure. waves amplified in unconsolidated soils compared hard rock (figure 3). in important cities, soil conditions , amplification factors mapped microzonation purposes. type of information not available settlements in developing countries. 1 has assume mixture of conditions results in average loss estimate city, overall.


an intensity, i, given in roman numerals xii, calculated each settlement, accounting magnitude of earthquake , distance, , accounting local amplification, if known.








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