Revolution and War of Independence History of Hungary

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artist mihály zichy s rendition of sándor petőfi reciting nemzeti dal (national anthem) crowd on 15 march 1848


on 15 march 1848, mass demonstrations in pest , buda enabled hungarian reformists push through list of twelve demands. hungarian diet took advantage of revolutions of 1848 in habsburg areas enact april laws, comprehensive legislative program of dozens of civil rights reforms. faced revolution both @ home , in hungary, austrian emperor ferdinand @ first had accept hungarian demands. after austrian uprising suppressed, new emperor franz joseph replaced epileptic uncle ferdinand. franz joseph rejected reforms , started arm against hungary. year later, in april 1849, independent government of hungary established.


the new government seceded austrian empire. house of habsburg dethroned in hungarian part of austrian empire , first republic of hungary proclaimed, lajos kossuth governor , president. first prime minister lajos batthyány. emperor franz joseph , advisers skillfully manipulated new nation s ethnic minorities, croatian, serbian , romanian peasantry, led priests , officers firmly loyal habsburgs, , induced them rebel against new government. hungarians supported vast majority of slovaks, germans, , rusyns of country, , jews, large number of polish, austrian , italian volunteers.


many members of non-hungarian nationalities secured high positions in hungarian army, example general jános damjanich, ethnic serb became hungarian national hero through command of 3rd hungarian army corps. initially, hungarian forces (honvédség) managed hold ground. in july 1849, hungarian parliament proclaimed , enacted progressive ethnic , minority rights in world, late. subdue hungarian revolution, franz joseph has prepared troops against hungary , obtained gendarme of europe , russian czar nicholas i. in june, russian armies invaded transylvania in concert austrian armies marching on hungary western fronts on had been victorious (italy, galicia , bohemia).


the russian , austrian forces overwhelmed hungarian army, , general artúr görgey surrendered in august 1849. austrian marshall julius freiherr von haynau became governor of hungary few months and, on 6 october ordered execution of 13 leaders of hungarian army (the 13 martyrs of arad) prime minister batthyány. lajos kossuth escaped exile.


following war of 1848–1849, country sank passive resistance . archduke albrecht von habsburg appointed governor of kingdom of hungary, , time remembered germanization pursued of czech officers.








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