Indo-European roots Iranian peoples

1 indo-european roots

1.1 proto-indo-iranians
1.2 sintashta-petrovka culture
1.3 andronovo culture

indo-european roots


the andronovo, bmac , yaz cultures have been associated indo-iranians.


proto-indo-iranians

the proto-indo-iranians commonly identified sintashta culture , subsequent andronovo culture within broader andronovo horizon, , homeland area of eurasian steppe borders ural river on west, tian shan on east.

the indo-iranians interacted bactria-magiana culture, called bactria-magiana archaeological complex . proto-indo-iranian arose due influence. indo-iranians borrowed distinctive religious beliefs , practices culture.

the indo-iranian migrations took place in 2 waves. first wave consisted of indo-aryan migration levant, founding mittani kingdom, , migration south-eastward of vedic people, on hindu kush northern india. indo-aryans split-off around 1800–1600 bce iranians, where-after defeated , split 2 groups iranians, dominated central eurasian steppe zone , chased [the indo-aryans] extremities of central eurasia. 1 group indo-aryans founded mitanni kingdom in northern syria; (c. 1500–1300 bce) other group vedic people. christopher i. beckwith suggests wusun, indo-european caucasian people of inner asia in antiquity, of indo-aryan origin.

the second wave interpreted iranian wave, , took place in third stage of indo-european migrations 800 bce onwards.

sintashta-petrovka culture

according allentoft (2015), sintashta culture derived corded ware culture.

the sintashta culture, known sintashta-petrovka culture or sintashta-arkaim culture, bronze age archaeological culture of northern eurasian steppe on borders of eastern europe , central asia, dated period 2100–1800 bce. archaeological manifestation of indo-iranian language group.

the sintashta culture emerged interaction of 2 antecedent cultures. immediate predecessor in ural-tobol steppe poltavka culture, offshoot of cattle-herding yamnaya horizon moved east region between 2800 , 2600 bce. several sintashta towns built on older poltovka settlements or close poltovka cemeteries, , poltovka motifs common on sintashta pottery. sintashta material culture shows influence of late abashevo culture, collection of corded ware settlements in forest steppe zone north of sintashta region predominantly pastoralist. allentoft et al. (2015) found close autosomal genetic relationship between peoples of corded ware culture , sintashta culture.

the earliest known chariots have been found in sintashta burials, , culture considered strong candidate origin of technology, spread throughout old world , played important role in ancient warfare. sintashta settlements remarkable intensity of copper mining , bronze metallurgy carried out there, unusual steppe culture.

because of difficulty of identifying remains of sintashta sites beneath of later settlements, culture distinguished andronovo culture. recognised separate entity forming part of andronovo horizon .

andronovo culture

map of approximate maximal extent of andronovo culture. formative sintashta-petrovka culture shown in darker red. location of earliest spoke-wheeled chariot finds indicated in purple. adjacent , overlapping cultures (afanasevo culture, srubna culture, bmac) shown in green.

the andronovo culture collection of similar local bronze age indo-iranian cultures flourished c. 1800–900 bce in western siberia , west asiatic steppe. better termed archaeological complex or archaeological horizon. name derives village of andronovo (55°53′n 55°42′e / 55.883°n 55.700°e / 55.883; 55.700), in 1914, several graves discovered, skeletons in crouched positions, buried richly decorated pottery. older sintashta culture (2100–1800), formerly included within andronovo culture, considered separately, regarded predecessor, , accepted part of wider andronovo horizon. @ least 4 sub-cultures of andronovo horizon have been distinguished, during culture expands towards south , east:

sintashta-petrovka-arkaim (southern urals, northern kazakhstan, 2200–1600 bce)

the sintashta fortification of ca. 1800 bce in chelyabinsk oblast
the petrovka settlement fortified settlement in kazakhstan
the nearby arkaim settlement dated 17th century


alakul (2100–1400 bce) between oxus , jaxartes, kyzylkum desert

alekseyevka (1300–1100 bce final bronze ) in eastern kazakhstan, contacts namazga vi in turkmenia
ingala valley in south of tyumen oblast


fedorovo (1500–1300 bce) in southern siberia (earliest evidence of cremation , fire cult)

beshkent-vakhsh (1000–800 bce)

the geographical extent of culture vast , difficult delineate exactly. on western fringes, overlaps approximately contemporaneous, distinct, srubna culture in volga-ural interfluvial. east, reaches minusinsk depression, sites far west southern ural mountains, overlapping area of earlier afanasevo culture. additional sites scattered far south koppet dag (turkmenistan), pamir (tajikistan) , tian shan (kyrgyzstan). northern boundary vaguely corresponds beginning of taiga. in volga basin, interaction srubna culture intense , prolonged, , federovo style pottery found far west volgograd.

most researchers associate andronovo horizon indo-iranian languages, though may have overlapped uralic-speaking area @ northern fringe.