Post Revolution .28or K.C3.A1d.C3.A1r.29 era .281956.E2.80.931989.29 History of Hungary

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once in power, jános kádár led attack against revolutionaries. 21,600 mavericks (democrats, liberals, reformist communists alike) imprisoned, 13,000 interned, , 400 killed. in 1960s, kádár announced new policy under motto of not against us , modification of rákosi s statement, not against . declared general amnesty, gradually curbed of excesses of secret police, , introduced relatively liberal cultural , economic course aimed @ overcoming post-1956 hostility towards him , regime.


in 1966, central committee approved new economic mechanism , through sought rebuild economy, increase productivity, make hungary more competitive in world markets, , create prosperity ensure political stability. on next 2 decades of relative domestic quiet, kádár s government responded alternately pressures minor political , economic reforms counter-pressures reform opponents. 1980s, had achieved lasting economic reforms , limited political liberalization , pursued foreign policy encouraged more trade west. nevertheless, new economic mechanism led mounting foreign debt incurred in order shore unprofitable industries.


hungary s transition western-style democracy 1 of smoothest among former soviet bloc. late 1988, activists within party , bureaucracy , budapest-based intellectuals increasing pressure change. of these became reform socialists, while others began movements develop parties. young liberals formed federation of young democrats (fidesz); core so-called democratic opposition formed alliance of free democrats (szdsz), , national opposition established hungarian democratic forum (mdf). civic activism intensified level not seen since 1956 revolution.


end of communism

in 1988, kádár replaced general secretary of communist party, , reform communist leader imre pozsgay admitted politburo. in 1989, parliament adopted democracy package included trade-union pluralism; freedom of association, assembly, , press; new electoral law; , in october 1989 radical revision of constitution, among others. since then, hungary has reformed economy , increased connections western europe. became member of european union in 2004.


a central committee plenum in february 1989 endorsed in principle multiparty political system , characterisation of october 1956 revolution popular uprising , in words of pozsgay, reform movement had been gathering strength communist party membership declined dramatically. kádár s major political rivals cooperated move country gradually democracy. soviet union reduced involvement signing agreement in april 1989 withdraw soviet forces june 1991.


national unity culminated in june 1989 country re-buried imre nagy, associates, and, symbolically, other victims of 1956 revolution. hungarian national round table, comprising representatives of new parties , re-created old parties (such smallholders , social democrats), communist party, , different social groups, met in late summer of 1989 discuss major changes hungarian constitution in preparation free elections , transition free , democratic political system.


in october 1989, communist party convened last congress , re-established hungarian socialist party (mszp). in historic session on 16–20 october 1989, parliament adopted legislation providing multi-party parliamentary elections , direct presidential election. legislation transformed hungary people s republic republic of hungary, guaranteed human , civil rights, , created institutional structure ensures separation of powers among judicial, executive, , legislative branches of government. on anniversary of 1956 revolution, 23 october, hungarian republic officially declared provisional president of republic mátyás szűrös replacement hungarian people s republic. revised constitution championed values of bourgeois democracy , democratic socialism , gave equal status public , private property.







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